The answer
to all education problems, ( including violence ) SMALL Smart
Stable Schools
<225 Robinson Road New Smyrna Beach FL 32169- (904) 428 7924 pflapflapflapflaump@cfl.rr.com/www.wiredbrain.net/ Global Village Schools July 8, 1996 Mr. Trecey Bailey 1193 National Teacher of the Year Director, Office of Charter Schools Florida Education Center, 454C 325 W. Gaines St. Tallahassee, FL. 32399-0400 baileyt@mail.doe.state.fl.us baileyt@popmail.firn.edu cc: Franklin P. Scharge, scharge@aol.com
The Scharge Consulting Group
The Edward de Bono Programme for the Design & Development of Thinking,
The University of Malta create@unimt.mt, create@jaguar.is.unimt.mt, Masters of Arts Creativity & Innovation http://www.is.unimt.mt/~create/
Cornesky & Associates Total Quality Management Consultants 489 Oakland Park Blvd. Port Orange, FL. 32127 tqm1bob@aol.com RE: Internet Charter School: small, smart and sincere. proposal is attached and on: on http://www.wiredbrain.netsynergycharter.htm or charter .txt Dear Tracey: Fear not to go where no school has gone before. Let's break the mold.
The time when information could be packaged, put in textbooks and into the hands in not the heads of teachers, has passed on and is long gone in many fields.
The Synergy Schools of the future learn by doing, and the students often know more than the "teachers." When industry moved from factories to professional work the institutional framework had to change from the top down, father knows best mode, management does the thinking and workers do as they are told style to newer synergy forms. That is the experiment here. It works if we are small, smart and honest. I got your packet today and have lots of questions. Volusia county has not responded and I wonder if I have to ask them first. Maybe as part of the IB ( International Baccalaureate ). My resume is on site at http://www.wiredbrain.net/pflaum.htm or click my name at the start of any page.
The idea is very simple but the implementation looks overwhelming unless I have partners. Digital AltaVista, Netscape, others are possible as well as some foundations. But where to start ? What I envision are a network of small schools, classes, ( like the IB ) connected through a server which we have (www.trevista.com ) so they share and use the Internet resources.
The core curriculum is learning by doing, a vocational program for the information age. It works if we are small and honest with ourselves and others. If we had $ 10,000 to $ 100,000 and a board of established names then we would be in much better shape. That's not much money given the stakes involved in the welfare of the republic, I'm serious. New forms of education and training are perhaps our most critical problem. More than any foreign danger is the loss of skills and knowledge of young Americans.
The big, stupid hypocrites need some balance by the small, smart and sincere.. Take the tour of the technology on http://www.wiredbrain.netsynergy/tour.htm to get an idea of what I am thinking about. Real audio, Narrative Communications, VDO, ( see PBS ), plus Intranets via WinFrame for sharing of presentations, files, data, chat, and forming remote work groups. Is there any start up funds ? Can we get a board together. We have sites for local small ( less than 20 ) schools in mind but I think the effort should be in remote sites. Any teacher in the state ( or non-teacher for that matter, but the legislation is wonderfully unclear ) could set up a remote site. It works if we are competent, committed, hard working and sincere and honest. Small Smart and Sincerely Yours, Peter E. Pflaum, Ph. D. ( A.B. University of Chicago, Ed. M. HGSE, Harvard University, Ph. D. FSU. ) Copies of the SYNERGY JOURNAL sent by request: pflpflpflpflaump@cfl.rr.comRGY-NET on http://www.wiredbrain.net/ Peter E. Pflaum Ph.D. , Headmaster GLOBAL_VILLAGE_SCHOOLHOUSE 225 Robinson Road, New Smyrna Beach, FL 32169-2176 (904) 428 7924 pfpfpfpflaump@cfl.rr.com http://www.wiredbrain.net/ SYNERGY-NET on http://www.wiredbrain.net/ look for CHARTER.TXT in http://www.wiredbrain.netsynergy/NEW DRAFT APPLICATION FOR: Global Village Synergy Schools - charter schools -
The Learning Organization: Using the Fifth Discipline, direct instruction; Learning new things in new ways - a paradigm shift on the Internet. This draft is being sent to district superintendents, the State Universities, Private Colleges, educational and training organizations: LOOKING FOR PARTNERS.
These turned on, connected, small schools could be in many School Districts, or have a State Wide charter. What we offer is a state-of-the-art server, using the most interactive systems, a operational web site, and connections all over the world. On http://www.wiredbrain.net/ is 24 Mb of files on the advantages of small schools, group dynamics, teaching and learning over the internet. We are setting up a server using interactive work-group type systems to make real connections peer-to-peer. We are looking to set up a Global School system of small ( very small ) independent schools that get support from a central server. We have over 3,000 visits a week on the site as of this month.
The papers are on /document and NEW after you open the URL. We have a beta test ready to go /beta This paper will become a final application by June first.
The Secret Weapon:
The one-room school connected to the world by the Internet. Global Village Schools will provide to the Synergy School site individualized instruction plus special services on the Network. From
The State Department of Education: http://www.firn.edu/doe/legchter.htm Charter schools are public schools.
They are non-sectarian, nondiscriminatory and do not charge tuition. Charter schools are nonselective in their admissions and often target "at-risk" populations. Perhaps the biggest difference between charter schools and traditional public schools is that charter schools are based on a performance contract which provides clear accountability in exchange for freedom from restrictive regulations. PURPOSE.--
The purpose of Global Village Synergy charter schools CS-GVS, shall : +{(a) I Improve student learning.}+ +{(b) Increase learning opportunities for all students, with special emphasis on expanded learning experiences for students who are identified as academically low achieving.}+ +{(c) Encourage the use of different and innovative learning methods.}+ +{(d) Increase choice of learning opportunities for students.}+ +{(e) Establish a new form of accountability for schools.}+ +{(f) Require the measurement of learning outcomes and create innovative measurement tools.}+ +{(g) Make the school the unit for improvement.}+ +{(h) Create new professional opportunities for teachers, including the opportunity to own the learning program at the school site.}+
The WestEd ( Far West Educational Lab ) summary of research on Charter Schools: http://www.fwl.org/policy/morechar.htm
The MAIN charter school research Page: http://web.syr.edu/%7Ejlhollin/chart.html WE ARE LOOKING FOR SPONSORS AND PARTNERS: --A Global Village Synergy Charter School may be sponsored by the district school board of the county in which the charter school will be located or by the State Board of Education.}+ -A proposal for a new Global Village Synergy Charter School may be made by an individual, teachers, parents, a group of individuals, or a legal entity organized under the laws of this state As examples of local sponsors we are looking for a active educational institution, Hooked-on-Phonics,
The Slavin Learning Centers, ( See about cooperative education proactive in Cooper01.txt in http://www.wiredbrain.netsynergy/ethos/ and what I have been doing in the same files coopme.txt ) a computer company, communications or publisher, or foundation as sponsor of the non-profit.
There are important potential commercial applications to the social-technological system of "Global Village schools". +{14.
The governance structure of the school, including the status of the Global Village Synergy Charter School is a non- profit private employer as required in subsection (7).}+ Each synergy school shall be governed by a seven member board. One from the local school district, two from synergy schools central, three the teacher, four a elected parent, five a student member, six from the chamber of commerce, and seven a professor or other educational professional in higher education.
The board will hold a franchise from Global Village, Synergy schools which outlines mutual duties and responsibilities.
The teacher is an employee of the school site and a consultant to Synergy Schools. This section includes: +{12.
The facilities to be used and their location.}+ +{(16) FACILITIES.--A Global Village Synergy Charter School shall utilize facilities which comply with the State Uniform Building Code for Public Educational Facilities Construction adopted pursuant to s. 235.26, Florida Statutes, or with applicable state minimum building codes pursuant to chapter 553, Florida Statutes, and state minimum fire protection codes pursuant to s. 633.025, Florida Statutes, as adopted by the authority in whose jurisdiction the facility is located.}+
The easiest way to start is as attachments on pre-school learning centers, in community centers, Sunday School facilities, or in rented houses that can be used for such facilities. the "associated" facilitator is a sub-contractor or franchise of "Global Village Schools".
The associate makes all the on site arrangements with the approval of the board. We have to provide for insurance, certification, and supervision of quality assurance in conjunction with the local school board. +{13.
The qualifications to be required of the teachers.}+
The individual "schools" are learning centers with a full-time associate facilitator and others as needed.
The role is different from "teacher" so the title should be as well.
The management of one-room schools can be taught and learned. +{(e) Teachers employed by or under contract to a Global Village Synergy Charter School shall be certified as required by chapter 231, Florida Statutes. A Global Village Synergy Charter School may employ or contract with skilled selected noncertified personnel to provide instructional services or to assist instructional staff members as teacher aides in the same manner as district school boards.
The qualifications of teachers shall be disclosed to parents.}+ Global Village Schools will provide training and support in one- room school house methods. Australia, Alaska, the American West ( Univ. of Colorado, Ft. Colins ) have programs for remote and isolated schools.
The schools will average only about fifteen participants.
They are ungraded from K to 8'th grade; age 6 to 13 ungraded, with other somewhat larger centers doing 9'th to 12'th, ages 14 to 18 doing the IB programs. +{(12) EMPLOYEES OF Global Village Synergy Charter Schools.--}+ +{(a)
The Global Village Synergy Charter School board shall select its own employees.}+ +{(b) Global Village Synergy Charter School employees shall have the option to bargain collectively, but they must do so as a separate unit and not as part of any other district bargaining unit.}+ +{(c)
The teachers at a Global Village Synergy Charter School may choose to be part of a professional group that subcontracts with the Global Village Synergy Charter School to operate the instructional program under the auspices of a partnership or cooperative that they collectively own. Under this arrangement, the teachers would not be public employees.}+ +{(d) Employees of a school district may take leave to accept employment in a Global Village Synergy Charter School upon the approval of the school board. +{(f)
The administrative fee charged by the school district, or by the central Global Village organization relating to a Global Village Synergy Charter School shall be limited to no more than 5 percent of the Global Village Synergy Charter School's revenue generated and passed through the school district.}+ +{15. A timetable for implementing the charter, which addresses the implementation of each element thereof and the date by which the charter shall be awarded in order to meet this timetable.}+ We want to have school ready to go this August - 1996. A least a start with a teacher and a few students, with all systems go by Jan. 1997. Several more sites can be up and running by Aug. 1997.
The Secret Weapon:
The one-room school connected to the world by the Internet. Individual instruction plus special services on the Network. This section contains: +{1.
The school's mission, the students to be served, and the ages and grades to be included.}+ +{2.
The focus of the curriculum, the instructional methods to be used, and any distinctive instructional techniques to be employed.}+ +{3.
The current baseline standard of achievement and the outcomes to be achieved and the method of measurement that will be used.}+ +{4.
The methods used to identify the educational strengths and needs of students and how well educational goals and performance standards are met by students attending the Global Village Synergy Charter School. Students in Global Village Synergy Charter Schools shall, at a minimum, participate in the statewide assessment program.}+
The reason Synergy Schools will work is that they are small, stable and smart. SMALL means multi-graded ( ungraded ) from K-8 and the IB from 9- 12 with less than 20 with an average of about 15 students.
The clear evidence is that when you get small stable groups they learn to " catch-on" and figure it out for themselves. VERY SMALL:
The one-room schoolhouse with Central Services such as Advanced subjects, testing, resources, library, consultations, and the wide wide world of the Internet: Small ungraded schools work, not from any abstract theory, or magical practice but because of social-biological factors programmed in the human psychology. Each program will have it's own character and develop it's own traditions based on the fundamentals, individual progress, quiet on-task self-directed work, group projects and activities, and sound human relationships that produce quality.
There are 10,000 small schools in the USA today, they are cheaper, more effective, and invisible. (See extensive literature review in ethos) STABLE: Stable means the same group and "learning guide" for years.
There is a little turn-over as possible.
The group which is from K to 8 learns each subject at their own pace and in their own style.
They get to know each other, go camping, field trips, help each other and learn to learn. STABLE: multi-year students - a family like atmosphere. +{(15) LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR.--A Global Village Synergy Charter School shall provide instruction for at least the number of days required by law for other public schools, and may provide instruction for additional days.}+
The synergy schools are open 220 days a year. ( Student may choice to attend the 180 days required by most states or they may go more often).
The student's style, skills, interests, abilities, talents are reviewed and they start to work. Twenty states now have some kind of "charter schools". Competition, in various forms, is a critical component in attempts to stem the continuous decline in the effectiveness of public education. State monopolies require comparisons with other public utilities and some level of consumer choice. Socialist institutions become top heavy, bureaucratic and inflexible in a time of rapid change and increasing international competition. ( References are ethos/literacy .txt and smart.txt
The Nation at Risk, and the problems in Public Education is reviewed at length )
The International Baccalaureate: See http://www.firn.edu/doe/doeacct.htm for Florida and for national http://edexcellence.net/
for information on charter schools http://sjha.sjusd.k12.ca.us/SJHA/pages/IB%20stuff/school%20web%20 links.html and http://www.santarosa.edu/~lhemenw/mhs/f95/ib/
is only one example of the wonderful work being done by these students in the:
The International Baccalaureate, despite its name, is not a bachelor's degree, but a secondary school completion leaving qualification comparable to British "A" levels and the French "bachot", from which it gets its name.
The curriculum leading to the examinations is, of course, a secondary school curriculum, not a college level curriculum, although one could maintain that British "A" levels require an additional year of schooling beyond our 12th grade. SMART:
The only important difference with the classical one-room school. is the Internet and SYNERGY schools central services. With full Internet access all the centers are tied together in a WAN (Wide area Network) to a central site in DeLand Fl, going up next week at http://www.wiredbrain.net/
.
The central site gives all kinds of services in tracking individual students, providing support and library materials, CD's, programs, language instruction, physics, chemistry, advanced math not now available in the best most expensive schools in the world.
There are no limits to learning.
There are no limits to contacts and relationships.
The special skills and interest of any associate or person is available to all. This is the SYNERGY network. Smart means using the methods of the Association for Direct Instruction P.O. Box 10252, Eugene, OR 97440 using phonics and the networking techniques being developed by the home-school movement. SMART: ( See Edward B. Fiske, "Smart Schools, Smart Kids ) for review of the literature of reform. We are supported by the work of John I. Goodlad and Robert H. Anderson, the Non-graded Elementary School )
The style of collaborative learning is to work individually on their own tasks or in small groups integrating tasks; history, geography, literature, economics, politics of different countries ( See Internet applications below ) with students from other schools around the world.
They participate in science projects, explore their environments and other universes.
They read and write and learn by doing portfolios of journals, newsletters, web pages, from the first grade on. This process is continuous with no clear beginning and ending. (See about small schools in ethos small01, 02, and 03; Smart is another text that reviews these ideas in more detail. )
They take standardized tests but have no standardized curriculum.
They will be more than one grade level ahead by third grade and two by sixth, and ninth graders will have 12th grade knowledge and skills. (No big deal)
The three final forms, 10, 11, 12 will be lower division college work( from colleges on the net) and the International Baccalaureate degree: http://sinnfree.org/sinnfree_tree/education/hs.html http://www.midnightbeach.com/hs/
Learning new things in new ways means room to experiment, projects, connecting learning and doing and all those good ideas from John Dewey and A.S. Mararenko more than a half century ago, or M. Montessori a century ago. ( see below for references ) , Synergy or Global Village Schools ( DRAFT ) for the State of Florida:
The bill is HR 403 538+128C+12-5 HB 403 http://www.scri.fsu.edu/fla-leg/bills/house+1996/hb0403.html +{(17) INITIAL COSTS.--A sponsor may approve a charter for a Global Village Synergy Charter School before the applicant has secured space, equipment, or personnel, if the applicant indicates approval is necessary for it to raise working capital.}+ LEGAL ENTITY.--A Global Village Synergy charter school shall organize as a nonprofit organization. As such, the Global Village Synergy Charter School will be a private non-profit employer. As a public employer, a Global Village Synergy Charter School may participate in the Florida Retirement System upon application and approval as a "covered group" under s. 121.021(34), Florida Statutes. If a Global Village Synergy Charter School participates in the Florida Retirement System, the Global Village Synergy Charter School employees shall be compulsory members of the Florida Retirement System. As either a private or a public employer, a Global Village Synergy Charter School may contract for services with an individual or group of individuals who are organized as a partnership or a cooperative. Individuals or groups of individuals who contract their services to the Global Village Synergy Charter School are not public employees.}+ +{(d) A Global Village Synergy Charter School shall not charge tuition or fees, except those fees normally charged by other public schools.}+ +{(e) A Global Village Synergy Charter School shall meet all applicable state and local health, safety, and civil rights requirements.}+ ( a list of schools is at http://sjha.sjusd.k12.ca.us/SJHA/pages/IB%20stuff/school%20web%20 links.html and http://www.santarosa.edu/~lhemenw/mhs/f95/ib/
is only one example of the wonderful work being done by these students. see below AltaVista http://www.altavista.digital.com/
gave me pages of references (IB)
They can take and do well on the SAT's in the 9th grade and get advanced placement to Junior level college work upon completion.
They can take college level classes on the net starting in 8th grade. +{(9) CHARTER.--
The major issues involving the operation of a Global Village Synergy Charter School shall be considered in advance and written into the charter.
The charter shall be signed by the governing body of the Global Village Synergy Charter School and the sponsor, following a public hearing to ensure community input.}+ +{(a)
The charter shall address, and criteria for approval of the charter shall be based on:}+ the material above.
The term of the charter, not to exceed 3 years, which shall provide for cancellation of the charter if insufficient progress has been made in attaining the student achievement objectives of the charter and if it is not likely that such objectives can be achieved before expiration of the charter.}+ Rough Budgets: Lets say we have the average public school budget of $6,000 per student. A opening target could be 10 centers, 10 associates and an assistant ( area learning leader ) in one school district or about 150 students. After a year this could increase an order of magnitude to 100 centers, in clusters, or 1500 students ( not so big ), then is a few years to 1000 centers and 15,000 students in one state.
Then 10,000's of centers world wide.
The central services can be made available to private schools, home schoolers, at about $ 50 a month.
There is a big market that could support expanded central services - more educational materials, testing, programs of learner supports and contacts.
The associate and part-timers get 50 % of the gross: 10 students ( minimum ) x $ 3,000 = $ 30,000 15 students part-timers $ 15,000 ( average $90,000 total budget ) 20 students ( Maximum ) associate = $ 40,000 and $ 20,000 for part-timers: (All this is up to the associate, work harder for more money or get help ) ( If the program gets any bigger, the associate can start second site as a sub-contractor, ( just like AmWay ) assistant's supervise more that one site and have more advanced duties and salaries )
The Other 50 % is: Administration of the central site and support services depend on economies of scale but are about 5% ( $5,000 ) Rent - 10 to 15 % ( Using 15 as a number of students ) $12,000 or $1,000 a month pays for a $60,000 classroom facility, think about it. 5 % for Utilities about $5,000 5 % Maintenance, supplies, communications ( lunches are contracted or brown bagged, independent budget ) $5,000 10 % for Computers ( about $2,000 each x 15 = $ 30,000 on lease purchase for $10,000 a year for 3 years ) 10 % misc. insurance, expenses, field trips, copies, associates expense funds. EXEMPTION FROM STATUTES.--A Global Village Synergy Charter School shall operate in accordance with its charter and shall be exempt from all statutes of the Florida School Code, except those pertaining to civil rights and student health, safety, and welfare, or as otherwise required by this section. A charter school shall not be exempt from the following statutes: chapter 119, Florida Statutes, relating to public records, and s. 286.011, Florida Statutes, relating to public meetings and records, public inspection, and penalties.}+ +{(13) REVENUE.--Students enrolled in a charter school, regardless of the sponsorship, shall be funded as if they are in a basic program or a special program, the same as students enrolled in other public schools in the school district. Funding for a chartered developmental research school shall be as provided in s. 228.053(9), Florida Statutes.}+ +{(a) Each Global Village Synergy Charter School shall report its student enrollment to the district school board.
The district school board shall include each Global Village Synergy Charter School's enrollment in the district's report of student enrollment as required under s. 236.081, Florida Statutes.}+ +{(b) In determining the annual appropriation for public schools, the student enrollment in a Global Village Synergy Charter School and other schools operated by the district school board shall be used to calculate the district's total potential revenue per student allocation.}+ +{(c)
The agreement for funding students enrolled in a Global Village Synergy Charter School shall be the districtwide expenditure rate per full-time equivalent student (FTE) in comparable basic and special programs.
The FTE expenditure rate shall be the total program cost from the district general fund and shall be determined from the school and district cost report required under s. 237.34, Florida Statutes.}+ +{(d) Transportation of Global Village Synergy Charter School students shall be provided by the Global Village Synergy Charter School consistent with the requirements of chapter 234, Florida Statutes.
The governing body of the Global Village Synergy Charter School may provide transportation through an agreement or contract with the district school board, a private provider, or parents.
The Global Village Synergy Charter School shall ensure that transportation is not a barrier to equal access for all students.}+ +{(e) If the district school board is providing programs or services to students funded by federal funds, any eligible students enrolled in Global Village Synergy Charter Schools in the school district shall be provided federal funds for the same level of service provided students in the schools operated by the district school board.}+ +{(g) School boards shall make every effort to ensure that Global Village Synergy Charter Schools receive timely and efficient reimbursement.
The payment shall be issued no later than 10 working days after receipt of an invoice. If a warrant for payment of an invoice is not issued within 10 working days after receipt by the district school board, the school district shall pay to the Global Village Synergy Charter School, in addition to the amount of the invoice, interest at a rate of 1 percent per month calculated on a daily basis on the unpaid balance from the expiration of the 10-day period until such time as the warrant is issued.}+ +{(14) IMMUNITY.--For the purposes of tort liability, the governing body and employees of a Global Village Synergy Charter School shall be governed by s. 768.28, Florida Statutes.}+ +{(18) INFORMATION.--
The Department of Education shall provide information to the public, directly and through sponsors, both on how to form and operate a Global Village Synergy Charter School and on how to enroll in Global Village Synergy Charter Schools once they are created. This information shall include a standard application format which shall include the information specified in subsection (9). This application format may be used by chartering entities.}+ 538+128C+12-5 HB 403 REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL HISTORY: Perhaps the greatest educator of the 17th century was Jan Komensky, the Protestant bishop of Moravia, better known by his Latin name, Comenius. His work in education brought him invitations to teach throughout Europe. He wrote a widely read, profusely illustrated textbook for the learning of Latin, called
The Visible World (1658; trans. 1659). In his Great Didactic (1628-32; trans. 1931) he emphasized the furthering of the educational process by stimulating the pupil's interest and by teaching with reference to concrete things rather than to verbal descriptions of them. His educational objective can be summed up in the phrase on the title page of the Great Didactic, "teaching thoroughly all things to all men." Comenius's efforts on behalf of universal education earned him the title of Teacher of Nations.
The most influential of all the followers of Rousseau was the Swiss educator Johann Pestalozzi, whose ideas and practices influenced schools on every continent.
The principal aim of Pestalozzi was to adapt the method of teaching to the natural development of the child. To attain this objective, he worked toward the harmonious development of all the faculties (head, heart, and hand) of the learner. Among the other influential educators of the 19th century were Friedrich Froebel of Germany, the father of the kindergarten, which was introduced in America in 1856; Johann Herbart, also of Germany, who introduced the principles of psychology and philosophy into the science of education, and whose ideas spread to the U.S. toward the end of the century; Horace Mann and Henry Barnard, the foremost American educators, who brought to the U.S. the doctrines of Pestalozzi and other European educators; the British philosopher Herbert Spencer, who advocated scientific knowledge as the most important subject matter to be taught in school; and Bishop Nikolai Grundtvig of Denmark, whose educational ideas became the basis for the folk high school movement. At the beginning of the century, education was greatly influenced by the writings of the Swedish feminist and educator Ellen Key. Her book
The Century of the Child (1900) was translated into many languages and inspired progressive educators in various countries. Progressive education was a system of teaching based on the needs and potentials of the child, rather than on the needs of society or the precepts of religion. It had existed in idea and in fact under other names throughout history and had appeared in varying forms in different parts of the world. Among the influential progressive educators were Hermann Lietz and Georg Kerschensteiner of Germany, Bertrand Russell of England, and Maria Montessori of Italy. Especially influential in the U.S., and even on a worldwide scale, was the American philosopher and educator John Dewey.
The activity program, which was derived from the theories of Dewey, stressed the educational development of the child in terms of individual needs and interests. It became the major method of instruction for many years in elementary schools of the U.S. and other countries. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the USSR was an object of educational interest. Particularly after 1957, when the Soviet Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite, was launched into space, indicating the advanced state of Soviet technological learning, Soviet schools attracted large numbers of foreign visitors, especially individuals from developing countries. Contributing to the international interest in Soviet education were the educational theories and practices arising out of Marxist-Leninist ideology, as well as the work of Anton S. Makarenko, an exponent of the rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents and of collective education. From: "Education, History of," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 96 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993+1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. (c) Funk & Wagnalls Corporation. All rights reserved. Curriculum developers: Behavior Associates P.O. Box 5633 Eugene OR 97405-0633 BFA Educational Media 468 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 Curriculum Associates, Inc. 5 Esquire Road North Billerica MA 01862-2589 Engelmann-Becker Corporation c/of ADI P.O. Box 10252 Eugene, OR 97440 National Association of School Psychologist Department 5128 Washington, D.C. 20061-5128 PRO-ED 8700 Shoal Creek Boulevard Austin, TX 78758-9965 Science Research Associates(SRA) Macmillan/McGraw-Hill P.O. Box 543 Blacklick, OHIO 43004 Sopris West P.O. Box 1809 Longmont, CO 80502+1809 Teaching Strategies, Incorporated P.O. Box 5205 Eugene, OR 97405 SYNERGY-NET on http://www.wiredbrain.net/ ** Peter E. Pflaum Ph.D. , Headmaster GLOBAL_VILLAGE_SCHOOLHOUSE 225 Robinson Road, New Smyrna Beach, FL 32169-2176 (904) 428 7924 ppppflaump@cfl.rr.com *****************************************************************